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Table of Contents
Humanities Social Sciences
Sociology
Overview
Sociology entails the scientific study of human relationships and behavior in context of the society that one lives in. It takes into consideration and studies the origin, development, organisation and functioning of various societal structures and reviews their role in shaping the lives of people at an individual as well as a community level. The political, economical, social, traditional, religious structures are analysed in a scientific manner to identify and draw conclusions regarding their impact on people in a given society. Conducting scientific research is a predominant tool in this field. Professionals in the field, design experiments, collect data and analyse it in order to make inferences about human behaviour and factors that influence it. Presenting one’s research finding helps to revise existing theories on various social phenomenons. As a field, it allows us to decipher complex human behaviours and provide knowledge and solutions to overcome undesirable social practices.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Sociologist: Sociologists study the functioning of societies and social behaviour of people by examining groups, cultures, organizations, social institutions and processes that shape human behaviour. Most sociologists work in research organizations, colleges and universities, local governments and consulting firms.
- Community Worker: They work closely with individuals or communities at the root level. Their focus lies in helping communities deal with the challenges that they face and come up with solutions that benefit a community as a whole. They represent the voices and needs of target groups to policy makers at local and national level.
- Social Worker: Social work is an academic discipline and profession that concerns itself with individuals, families, groups and communities in an effort to enhance social functioning and overall well-being.
- Social Services Aide: They assist social workers in providing client services such as update records, interview clients and counsel them on a variety of issues.
- Psychiatric Social Worker: Psychiatric social workers provide services to mental health patients. They may offer therapy, social rehabilitation, crisis intervention or other outreach services.
- Medical Social Worker: They work in hospitals or other specialized medical settings like nursing homes, rehabilitative care centers or provide home-care services. They assist clients in dealing with issues related to obtaining health care services.
- Family Caseworker: They provide social services and assistance to families in order to ensure their well being.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached to this field are :
- Design research projects to test and develop theories explaining social phenomenons.
- Observe group interactions and role affiliations to collect data, identify problems, evaluate progress and modify research hypothesis.
- Collect data through surveys, observations, interviews and other research tools.
- Analyze and interpret empirical data to draw scientific conclusions.
- Prepare reports, articles or make presentations detailing one’s research findings.
- Collaborate with other sociologists and social scientists to work on research projects.
- Consult and advise administrators, social workers, policy makers and legislators regarding social issues and policies.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Passionate and empathetic in their approach to work as they often deal with vulnerable sections of the society.
- Patient and motivated in dealing with people from different backgrounds and cultures.
- Need to have good observational skills and be active listeners.
- Ability to think critically and analyse data in a logical manner.
- Excellent interpersonal and communication skills, especially, in order to build strong rapports with clients.
- Strong theoretical knowledge about different social theories, research tools and methodologies.
- Good problem-solving skills.
- Ability to make scientific deductions and draw accurate conclusions from data collected.
- Excellent writing skills to present findings in a clear and informative manner.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard in humanities stream ( sociology as a subject prefered)
- BA(H) Sociology – 3 years
- Masters in sociology – 1-2 years
- M.Phil in Sociology for 2 years or/and Ph.D in Sociology – 3-4 years
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard in science stream
- B.Sc Medical Sociology – 3 years
- M.Sc Sociology – 2 years
Path 3:
- Clear 12th standard in any stream
- Bachelors in Sociology – 3 years
- Appear for UPSC Examination
Psychology
Overview
Psychology is the scientific study of human mind and behaviour. Simply put, it tries to develop an understanding of who we are as individuals by studying processes involved in thinking, learning, perception, motivation, emotions to name a few. In other words, the study of psychology involves learning how humans think, feel, learn, interact, perceive and understand themselves and the world around them. It is both a natural science concerned with innate factors and primal drives that align with the laws of nature, and a social science concerned with the study of behaviors, feelings, thoughts and the environmental factors that contribute to them. Psychologists are professionals in this field who try to study the above mentioned processes in a scientific manner through various mediums such as research, experimentation, clinical work and therapy & counselling. As a field, psychology provides us valuable information which contributes towards improving mental health, education, interpersonal relationships and overall human growth and development.
Given below are the various fields under Psychology:
- Abnormal Psychology: It is the study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. This specialty area is focused on research and treatment of a variety of mental disorders and is linked to psychotherapy and clinical psychology.
- Clinical Psychology: It is focused on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. It is also considered the single largest area of employment within psychology.
- Cognitive Psychology: Itis the study of human thought processes and cognitions. Cognitive psychologists study topics such as attention, memory, perception, decision-making, problem-solving, and language acquisition.
- Counselling Psychology: It focuses on helping others to resolve everyday problems related to relationships, career, family issues, health etc. Psychologists in this role give advice and try to make clients become more self aware of their behaviours in relation to others.
- Developmental Psychology: It is an area that looks at human growth and development over the lifespan. Theories often focus on the development of cognitive abilities, morality, social functioning, identity and other life areas.
- Educational Psychology: It focus on the process and systems existing in the education sector. Psychologists working in the field of education study how people learn and retain knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.
- Forensic Psychology: It is an applied field focused on using psychological research and principles in the legal and criminal justice system. Professionals in this field conduct assessments on suspects, collect evidence from crime scenes, testify in courts, develop rehabilitative plans for inmates etc.
- Industrial/Organisational Psychology: Industrial and Organizational psychology is the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace. It focuses on assessing individual, group and organizational dynamics and using that research to identify solutions to problems that improve the well-being and performance of an organization and its employees.
- Rehabilitation Psychology: Rehabilitation psychology is the study and branch of working with individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions to help them overcome challenges and improve their quality of life.
- Child Psychology: It is the study of subconscious and conscious childhood development. Child psychologists observe how a child interacts with others, develop concept of self and focus on the mental development of a child at various stages of growth.
- Social Psychology: It focuses on understanding group behavior as well as how social influences shape individual behavior. Topics studied by social psychologists include attitudes, prejudice, conformity, aggression, motivation etc.
- Sport Psychology: Sport psychology is a specialisation that uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of sports participation and systemic issues associated with sports settings and organizations.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Clinical psychologist
- Counselling psychologist
- Industrial psychologist
- Life skills trainer
- Psychometrician
- Special educator
- School counselor
- Child psychologist
- Psychotherapist
- Career counselor
- Sport psychologist
- Forensic psychologist
- Social worker
- Rehabilitation counsellor
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon the area of work that one chooses. Some of them are as follows:
- Collect information for psychological assessment through observations, interviews, psychometric assessments etc.
- Identify psychological, emotional, behavioral, or organizational issues and develop a plan of action to deal with the same.
- Help clients to reflect on their thoughts, feelings and actions in order to facilitate therapy.
- Identify behavioural or emotional patterns in client and help them to change or modify them to resolve issues.
- Keep clients actively involved in their recovery process to ensure better results.
- Provide them with a safe and a comfortable environment to facilitate the therapeutic process.
- Motivate and encourage clients to talk about their issues without being harsh or judgemental towards them.
- Highlight their strengths and teach them healthy coping techniques to deal with difficult situations or feelings in the future.
- Conduct and publish research on a variety of topics relevant to the field.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Empathetic and passionate about helping others.
- Compassionate and approachable in nature.
- Ability to build rapport and gain trust of clients.
- Good observation skills.
- Need to have emotional stability and handle stress in a healthy manner.
- Patient and non-judgemental attitude towards people.
- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
- Open-minded in dealing with people from different cultures and walks of life.
- Hunger to keep on learning with experience and exposure to different perspectives in the field.
- Strong ethical code of conduct.
How to get there
- Clear 12th standard in any stream (preferably with psychology as a subject)
- B. A.(H) Psychology/Applied Psychology – 3 years
- Masters in Psychology/Applied Psychology – 1-2 years
- M.Phil in Psychology/Clinical Psychology – 2 years
(or)
- Ph.D in Psychology/Applied Psychology – 3-4 years
Politicial Science
Overview
Political science is a branch of the social science that studies the politics that govern the functioning of a state and the government. It deals extensively with the analysis of political systems, their theoretical foundations, practical applications, and the examination of political behavior. As a field, it intersects with many other branches like sociology, economics, history, anthropology, public policy to name a few. With the advent of globalization, there has been a concomitant rise in the level of interest taken by the people in understanding the functioning of the political systems that run their countries. As citizens of a country, every aspect of our social, political, and economical lives is hugely impacted by the policies drawn and executed to ensure the smooth functioning of a state. Professionals associated with this field contribute in numerous ways both at the level of governance as well as providing guidance and information to people of society regarding the political set up that they live in.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Politician: A politician is an individual either elected or nominated to hold office in a government set up.
- Lobbyist: These individuals work closely with governments representing various other interest groups; negotiating with elected officials and influencing policy to advance the goals of their employers or clients.
- Legislative Assistant: They assist legislators by monitoring pending legislation, conducting research, drafting legislation, giving advice, and making recommendations on matters pertaining to legislation.
- Teacher: A lucrative career awaits individuals who want to pursue a career as an academician in this field. Depending on one’s qualification and specialization, individuals can teach a variety of courses in schools, colleges or universities.
- Political Scientist: Political scientists study the origin, development and operation of political systems by researching political ideas and analyzing governments, their policies, political trends and other related issues.
- Intelligence Analyst: They are primarily responsible for the analysis, processing and distribution of strategic and tactical intelligence in order to assess threats and maintain internal as well as external security.
- Political Campaign Staff: Political campaign staff comprises of people who formulate and implement numerous strategies to ensure an electoral victory.
- Political Consultant: Political consultants act as strategists who devise ways to promote a certain political agenda and gain public favour regarding the same.
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon the area of work that one chooses. Some of them are as follows:
- Evaluate programs and policies, and make related recommendations to institutions and organizations.
- Interpret and analyze policies, public issues, legislation or the operations of governments, businesses and related organizations.
- Collect and analyze data from sources such as public opinion surveys, archives etc.
- Develop and test political theories.
- Remain up to date with the current government policies and decisions.
- Consult with and advise government officials, civic bodies, research agencies, the media, political parties on political issues.
- Disseminate research findings through academic publications, written reports, public presentations etc.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Ability to think in a logical and critical manner.
- Have an analytic bend of mind to see all sides to an argument or political issue.
- Good communication skills.
- Adequate theoretical knowledge regarding political issues and structures.
- Ability to think out of the box to develop unique political strategies.
- Good writing or orating skills to convey one’s research findings.
- Need to be a team player and have good interpersonal skills.
How to get there
- Clear 12th standard in any stream ( Political Science as a subject) with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate
- BA in Political Science – 3 years
- MA in Political Science – 1-2 years
- M.Phil in Political Science – 2 years / PhD in Political Science – 3-5 years
Library Science
Overview
A library hosts large a large number of books; both in physical and digital form. Without proper supervision, it would become very difficult to navigate through all the information and arrive at specifically what one is seeking. A librarian is a professional who helps people research and gain access to information for personal and professional use in a library. Their daily responsibilities may slightly differ depending on their work setting. Librarians can work on a part time or full time basis in school, public, community or private libraries. They provide guidance and point us in the right direction to conduct research. Some of them may even suggest books or provide references to help us collect the relevant information. Around the world, libraries are classified into public, academic, school and special libraries.
- Public Library: These libraries are open to everyone in the public. They are created through legislation within the jurisdiction they serve. The librarians help patrons assemble books from different genres for the purpose of research or casual reading.
- Academic Library: Libraries found in colleges or universities are referred to as academic libraries. They mostly have a collection of resources based on the curriculum of students. Librarians assist students, faculty and staff to acquire or borrow books as per their needs.
- School Library: Libraries are an integral part of both private and public schools. They help teachers develop lesson plans and are a source of additional information on topics taught to students.
- Special Library: A library which is designed and stocked keeping in mind specific professions such as law, medicine, architecture etc are called special libraries. They contain resources pertaining to a specific field.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Chief Librarian: He/she coordinates, directs and trains the employees in different tasks such as receiving, sharing and locating material in a library.
- Library Consultant: The person who works as an advisor for administrators of public libraries is termed as a library consultant. They conduct surveys, do research, observe and recommend measures to improvise the administration.
- Archiver: They are in charge of preserving all kinds of reading material for future use. They organise and evaluate the library.
- Acquisition Librarian: He/she is responsible for the selection and purchase of materials or resources for the library. They need to negotiate with the publishers and vendors to make acquisitions.
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon the area of work that one chooses. Some of them are as follows:
- Develop library policies and procedures.
- Design information storage and retrieval systems, and develop procedures for collecting, organizing, interpreting and classifying information.
- Teach clients the systematic way to to search for information using databases.
- Direct and train library staff in duties such as receiving, shelving, researching, cataloging and equipment use.
- Compile lists of books, periodicals, articles, and audiovisual materials on specific subjects.
- Evaluate stock to determine outdated or unused books to be discarded.
- Compile lists of overdue materials and notify borrowers regarding the same.
- Respond to customer complaints and take necessary action.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Good command over one or more languages.
- Excellent organisational and administrative skills.
- Ability to multitask and problem solve well.
- Good communication skills.
- Ability to work well with others.
- Passion for reading and sharing knowledge with others.
- Hunger to keeping evolving and learning on the job.
How to get there
A graduate or a postgraduate degree is required to work as a librarian.
Certificate & Diploma Courses:
- Certificate in Library Science
- Certificate in Library and Information Science
- Diploma in Library and Information Science
- Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking
Eligibility: Clear 12th standard in any stream
Bachelor Courses:
- Bachelor in Library Science(B.Lib.)
- Bachelor of Library and Information Science (B.L.I.Sc.)
Eligibility: Clear 12th standard
Master Courses:
- Master in Library Science
- Master in Library and Information Science
Eligibility: Graduate degree in Library Science or related field.
Doctoral Courses:
- PhD in Library and Information Science
- M.Phil in Library and Information Science
Eligibility: Postgraduate degree in Library and Information Science.
History
Overview
History can be understood as the study of the past based on the documentation available for the same. Specifically human history studies how societies and cultures evolve as events continue to unfold. Historians research, interpret, analyze and present the past by studying a variety of historical documents and collecting information from other sources. They use a variety of resources such as government and institutional records, interviews, films, newspapers, photographs and unpublished manuscripts to gather information. By studying and reviewing historical facts, they also play an important role in preserving the past. Skill set of documentation, augmentation, writing and research is essential to choose a career path in this field. Documented information on past events is of great value; especially in providing guidance and serving as a reference point to build the collective future of communities, countries and the entire human race.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Historian: A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. He/she is concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race over a period of time.
- Anthropologist: Anthropologists study various aspects of human life within the context of past and present society. Language, culture and material remains are some of the areas of study.
- Archaeologist: Archaeologists study past human activity by excavating, dating and interpreting objects and sites of historical interest. They implement excavation projects at historical sites and collect data that informs their understanding of the past.
- Archivist: Archivists acquire, manage and maintain documents and other materials that have historical importance for individuals, organizations and nations. They work with paper documents, photographs, maps, films etc.
- Museologist: The systematic study of the management, organization and function of a museum is conducted by museologists. They also maintain the record of each artifact – its origin, age and conservation details.
- Curator: A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. They develop ways in which objects, archives and artworks can be interpreted through exhibitions, publications, events and audio-visual mediums.
- Numismatics: Numismatics is the study of currency, i.e.coins, banknotes, or money as an exchange object in some other form like beads, tokens, and related objects. It also has numerous specialization like Exonumia(Study of Coin), Notaphily (Study of paper money) and Scripophily (study of stocks or bond).
- Epigraphist: Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs i.e.identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers.
- Heritage & Environment Management: Heritage management is concerned with the identification, protection and stewardship of cultural heritage in the public interest whereas the environment management is concerned with the protection of natural resources and historic buildings.
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon the area of work that one chooses. Some of them are as follows:
- Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs.
- Conduct historical research for the identification and conservation of historic places and materials.
- Research and prepare manuscripts for public viewing at historic sites, museums, libraries, archives etc.
- Interview people to record oral histories regarding historical events.
- Analyze and interpret historical information to determine its significance and authenticity.
- Recommend actions related to historical art such as which items to add to a collection or an exhibition.
- Write articles, reports and books on historical findings and theories.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Passionate and self motivated.
- Patient and resilient.
- Ability to work methodically with precision.
- Need good research and analytical skills.
- Ability to draw logical deductions based on research conducted.
- Planning and management skills.
- Good communication/writing skills.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard with Arts/Humanities
- B. A (H) History – 3 years (an aggregate of 55% marks)
- Masters in History for 1-2 years in India / Abroad
- M.Phil. in History – 2 years
- PhD for 3-4 years
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard in Humanities with History as a subject.
- B.A.(H) History – 3 years
Appear for UPSC examination.
Defence Services
Overview
To be a part of the defence services of a country is a matter of utmost pride and prestige. It is an exciting and a challenging job which gives an opportunity to citizens to serve their country in an active fashion. The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of India consisting of four professional uniformed services: The Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard. The various paramilitary organisations and inter-service institutions provide assistance to the Indian Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defence regulates and manages the armed forces in India. The divisions under the Indian Armed Forces are as follows:
- Indian Army: The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army,and it is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff (COAS). The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security; protecting the country from external as well as internal threats.
- Indian Airforce: The Indian Air Force is the air wing of the Indian armed forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during conflict. The President of India holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF and Chief of Air Staff commands the Air Force.
- Indian Navy: The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff commands the navy. The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation’s maritime borders and deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory and people.
- Indian Coast Guard: The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protects India’s maritime interests and enforces maritime law over the territorial waters of India. It operates under the Ministry of Defence. The Coast Guard works in close cooperation with the Indian Navy, the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Revenue (Customs) and the Central and State police forces.
- National Security Guard: The National Security Guard (NSG) is an Indian special forces unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Some of their responsibilities include diffusing terrorist threats, negotiation and neutralization during hijackings, bomb disposal duties along with conducting post blast investigation, hostage rescue operations and so on.
- Central Armed Police Officer: The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) refers to five security forces in India under the authority of Ministry of Home Affairs. They are the Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Fighting Forces
- Armoured corps
- Artillery
- Signals personnel
- Engineering personnel
- The infantry
- Support Services
- Electronics, IT, Software & Mechanical engineer
- Ordinance corps
- Medical corps
- Intelligence & Research department
- Education & Training.
Roles & Responsibilities
Duties in the field depend upon the area of work that one chooses. Some of them are as follows:
Indian Army– The primary role of the Indian Armed Forces is to maintain territorial integrity, defend country against insurgency and foreign aggression, provide assistance to civil community in an event of a natural or manmade disaster, subscribe troops for UN peacekeeping missions and finally, maintain a high standard of operational preparedness to face all the above eventualities.
- Indian Air Force –
- Flying – IAF pilots fly fighter planes which are used during combat for transportation of ammunition and man power. Navigators, who guides the pilots are also included in this field.
- Technical – Professionals in this branch deal with all technical aspects, procedures and maintenance of Air Force equipment and weapons.
- Ground Duty – The Administration branch has air traffic control and fighter control personnels to manage the flight schedules. Logistics, meteorological, research are some of the departments which work in coordination with ground staff.
- Indian Navy –
- Military Role– The navy’s military role is to apply maritime power in both offensive operations against enemy forces as well as defensive operations to protect own forces, territory and trade.
- Diplomatic Role– Navy’s diplomatic role entails favorably shaping the maritime environment, keeping the national interests as priority, support foreign policy and strengthen international cooperation.
- Constabulary Role– The increasing incidence of maritime crime has brought into sharp focus the constabulary role that navies have to perform. Forces are employed to enforce law of the land or to implement a regime established by an international mandate.
- Benign Role– The ‘benign’ tasks performed by the navy include humanitarian aid, disaster relief, Search and Rescue (SAR), ordnance disposal, diving assistance, salvage operations, hydrographic surveys, etc.
- Indian Coast Guard –
- Safety and protection of artificial islands and offshore terminals.
- Conduct regular Community Interaction Programmes (CIPs) to apprise the fisher-folk about safety measures to be adopted at sea. Providing them information regarding upkeep and maintenance of boats and fishing gear.
- They are engaged with environmentalists for preservation and protection of the marine environment, including flora and fauna.
- They conduct regular training for oil agencies regarding contingency plans to prevent environmental damage in case of marine oil-spills.
- Assisting the Customs and other authorities in anti-smuggling operations.
- ICG ships collect relevant information regarding meteorological and oceanographic data for analysis and use by the scientific fraternity.
- National Security Guard –
- Some of the duties performed by the NSG include diffusing terrorist threats, negotiation and neutralization of hijacking situations, bomb disposal duties along with conducting post blast investigation, hostage rescue operations, providing personal security to government officials etc.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Need to be practical, spontaneous and courageous in the field.
- Ability to take decisions quickly and efficiently.
- Meticulous and organised in approach.
- Ability to lead a team or follow a leader with full confidence and trust.
- Have technical knowledge of using weapons and other equipment.
- Work well in a team set up.
- Maintain excellent level of physical fitness.
- Ability to multitask and handle stress effectively.
- Adapt to changing environmental conditions in the line of duty.
How to get there
Aspiring candidates need to clear the NDA (National Defence Academy) exam in order to join the armed forces. They also need to specify in their application, the unit of Indian Armed Forces that they would like to join: Indian Army, Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. Intelligence and Personality tests are conducted after qualifying the entrance exam. Separate medical and aptitude tests are also conducted based on the the armed forces unit that one qualifies for. Each unit has separate eligibility criteria in regard to nationality, age, education, marital status etc. The Indian Armed Forces also recruit candidates through the University Entry Scheme (UES). An individual can apply online or directly at university drives that the agency conducts. UES process includes Group Discussion and Personal Interview. All candidates who qualify the interview go through the SSB (Service Selection Board) round. It comprises of a) Screening Test, b) Psychological Test and c) Interviews. Lastly, candidates who are approved by the selection board need to undergo a medical exam in order to be eligible to join the Indian Armed Forces.
Entrance Exams:
- NDA & NA exam : National Defence Academy (NDA) exam and Naval Academy (NA) exam is conducted by UPSC twice every year. It comprises of a written exam and an interview. Students who are in 12th standard or have completed the same are eligible to apply
- CDS: Combined Defence Service exam is conducted by UPSC twice every year. It comprises of a written exam and an interview. Graduates or students in their final year of graduation can apply for CDS exam. After qualifying CDS exam, a candidate can either join Indian armed forces on permanent commission (IMA,INA and IAFA) or on short service commission.
- AFCAT: The Air Force Common Admission Test is conducted by the Indian Air Force twice every year. It is conducted for recruitment in: Flying branch, Technical ground duty and Non-Technical ground duty. Candidates who have completed graduation can sit for AFCAT.
Civil Services
Overview
India is the largest democracy in the world, resting on four pillars of Judiciary, Legislature, Executive and Free Press. Civil service system is an executive branch of the Republic of India and functions like the backbone of the administrative machinery of the country. The primary function of civil servants is to implement policies introduced by the legislative body of the governing body in the country. It provides an opportunity to actively participate in the governance process of the country. Students willing to dedicate their lives in the service of the society must in some capacity or the other must consider exploring the civil services. It offers a lucrative career which is demanding, exciting and gives immense job satisfaction. Selection of candidates under Civil Services is done through the three stage exams: Prelims, Mains and Interview which are conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
A selected candidate is recruited into the Civil Services depending upon his rank in the overall merit list. The three types of services recruited through the Civil Services Examination are All India Services, Central Services, and State Services. Students are asked to list the services as per their preferences. The higher your rank, greater the chances of getting the job of your choice. The Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Police Service (IPS) are the top ranking jobs in civil services.
Group ‘A’ Services
- Indian Administrative Service: It is the premier service in India and offers an attractive and challenging career. At the state and central level, it involves the framing of the policies and its implementation. At the district level, IAS is concerned with fulfilling duties at the district level. At the divisional level, the IAS officers look after law & order, general administration and various other developmental projects.
- Indian Police Service: The IPS officers are high ranked personnel who offer leadership to police forces both at the centre and in the states. The police division in the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for cadre management and policy decisions such as cadre structure, recruitment, training, cadre allocation, confirmation, empanelment, deputation, pay and allowances and disciplinary issues related to IPS officers.
- Indian Foreign Service: The members of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) represent the country in international territory. This service deals with diplomacy, trade and cultural relations. One of the primary goals of the service is to frame foreign policies and management of Indian missions abroad.
- Indian Revenue Service (IRS): The Service functions under the Department of Revenue in the Union Ministry of Finance and is concerned with the collection and administration of the various direct and indirect taxes accruing to the Union Government.I RS comprises two branches: IRS (Income Tax) and IRS (Customs and Central Excise).
- Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts & Finance Service: It is an organized Accounts and Finance Service which caters to the Department of Telecom & Department of Posts. It is responsible for assessment and collection of license fee, spectrum auction, policy making, financial management, internal audit, pension management, HR development etc in the department.
- Indian Audit & Account Service (IAAS): The IAAS is a central government service, under the Comptroller and Auditor General of India which fulfills and oversees all the auditing responsibilities of the department.
- Indian Defence Accounts Service: The Defence Accounts Department (DAD) is headed by the Controller General of Defence Accounts. It is an important department which provides financial payment and accounting and internal audit functions of Army, Navy, Air Force, Ordnance factories, border road organisation and defence research.
- Indian Postal Service (IPoS): It falls under the department of posts and a part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology under the Government of India. In order to develop effective administrative control, the entire the postal network of the country is divided into twenty two ‘Postal Circles’. These officers manage and monitor the postal services in our country.
- Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS): Headed by Controller General of Accounts (CGA), it performs a vital role in delivery of financial management solutions to the Government of India. This organisation provides payment services, supports the tax collection system, performs government wide accounting, financial reporting functions, preparation of budget estimates and carries out internal audit in civil ministries of the Union Government.
- Indian Railway Service: It is inclusive of Indian Railway Account Service, Indian Railway Personnel Service, Indian Railway Traffic Service and Indian Railway Protection Force. All these departments look after different aspects of running the Indian railways in an efficient manner.
- Indian Information Service (IIS): Indian Information Service officers are the media managers of the Government of India. They link the Government and the people by communicating various policies and schemes to the people and in return collecting the valuable they manage government’s print media, electronic media, act as press advisors, organise press conferences, control official media etc.
- Indian Trade Service (ITS): The ITS is controlled by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce. This department plays a significant role in India’s foreign trade with its policy formulation and implementation.
- Indian Corporate Law Service: It functions under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. It is the regulatory service for the corporate sector in India.
- Indian Forest Service: The IFS officers are recruited and trained by the Central government but they have to serve both under the state and Central governments. The chief purpose of IFS is the implementation of the National Forest Policy which aims to preserve the environment by maintaining strict vigil to sustain ecological balance that are critical for survival of all forms of life.
Group ‘B’ Services
- Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service (AFHQ): The Armed Forces (Navy, Army and Air Force) Headquarters and other inter-service bodies under the defence ministry have civilian staff that is responsible for its administration. Candidates are chosen from the civil service exams held by the UPSC.
- Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman &Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service (DANICS): The administrative responsibilities of these territories are fulfilled by officers in DANICS.
- Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman &Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service (DANIPS): Law and order issues in these territories are addressed by officers under DANIPS.
- Pondicherry Civil Service: The administrative responsibilities of union territory of Pondicherry are fulfilled theses officers.
- Pondicherry Police Service: Matters pertaining to law and order of union territory of Pondicherry are upheld by police officers appointed in the police service.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached to this field are:
- Assist government officials and ministers in formulating policy.
- Help government officials to make policy decisions by communicating ground reality and providing relevant information pertaining to the issue at hand.
- Work with officials to determine appropriate and effective ways to implement government policies and law at state and central level.
- Consult experts for streamlining strategies for policy implementation.
- Perform day-to-day executive tasks associated with one’s position.
- Oversee the administrative functioning under one’s jurisdiction.
- Uphold the integrity of the post and conduct duties in an ethical manner.
- Address the grievances of people and ensure fair dealings with all.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Passionate about serving people.
- Objective and impartial in dealing with people.
- High level of accountability.
- Responsible and committed towards fulfilling one’s duties.
- Good planning, organisational and administrative skills.
- Excellent leadership skills.
- Good communication and interpersonal skills.
- Hard working, determined and resilient attitude.
- High level of integrity and dignity.
- Follow ethical code of conduct.
How to get there
Centre & State:
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the entrance exam for civil services. It consists of 3 rounds: Prelims, Mains and Interview. A candidate is required to clear all rounds.
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard in any stream
- Obtain graduate degree in any field
- Clear UPSC Examination
Candidate’s rank and preference are both taken into consideration while making appointments under civil services.
Academic Professions
Overview
Individuals who opt for a career in academics find themselves working in the realm of teaching, conducting research or both. Apart from this, they may be called upon to perform high level administrative duties which are integral to the functioning of the institutes they are attached to. Professionals draw salaries based on their qualifications and the grade at which they are employed. Academicians sculpt the very fabric of how a society evolves and grows. Their services have a huge impact on the overall development of individuals which in turn determines the cultural and intellectual depth of the society they are a part of. Through their teachings, research work, publications, interactions etc they help mould young minds and set the foundation for a brighter future for all.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Teacher: Teachers bear the responsibility of directly imparting knowledge to students. They mostly specialise and are experts in specific subjects/fields of education.
- Principal: A principal can be viewed as the primary leader of an educational institute who is responsible for ensuring that the institute runs smoothly to achieve excellence and fulfill its vision.
- School Examination Officer: The examination officer is responsible to the Director of Student Education, on behalf of the Head of School. He/she looks after the development, organisation and management of the assessment policies and practices within the school.
- Special Educator: They work with students dealing with a wide range of mental, emotional, learning and physical disabilities. They develop and execute unique ways to teach the set curriculum to students which require their services.
- Extra Curricular Activity Teacher: Students acquire different skills and experiences by engaging in different kinds of extracurricular activities such as music, dance, art, sports etc. Teachers in this field ensure well rounded development of the students by catering to individual abilities, interests and passions of students.
- Professor/Lecturer: Postgraduates and Doctorates from all fields can hold teaching jobs at the college/university level as professors or lecturers. They are employed by various government & private universities as well as research organisations.
- Department Head: The term Head of Department applies to individuals who are given the responsibility of running an entire department in a school or college.
- Director of Institution: He/she is responsible for successfully leading and managing an organization according to the policies set by the Board of Directors.
Roles & Responsibilities
Day–to-day duties depends upon one’s area of specialisation and nature of work. Some of them are as follows:
- Preparing a schedule for teaching a course throughout the year.
- Delivering lectures, conducting seminars and workshops.
- Developing and implementing new methods of teaching keeping the requirements of students in mind.
- Provide addition help in the form of extra classes to students who need it.
- Address and help students deal with any emotional problems or other difficulties that they might be facing.
- Monitor the progress made by students and include parents in this process.
- Stay up to date with the latest developments in the field and continue to refine subject knowledge.
- Write research papers and get them published.
- Set exam papers and score the same.
- Perform administrative and managerial duties when required.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Strong interpersonal skills to strike a healthy relationship with students which promotes trust and learning.
- Excellent communication skills in order to connect with students at various levels to ensure clear understanding by them.
- Need to be caring, sensitive and patient in dealing with students.
- Have a well rounded and deep knowledge of the subject one specialises in.
- Good planning and organisational skills.
- Ability to multitask and delegate work when required.
- Keeping the students motivated and engaged in the process of learning.
How to get there
Path 1:
- Clear 12th standard in any stream
- Graduation in any stream – 3 years
- Post–graduation in Education (B.Ed) – 1–2 years or Masters in Education (M.Ed) – 2 years
- Ph.D in Education or gain work experience
Path 2:
- Clear 12th standard in any stream
- B.El.Ed– 2–3 years
- Masters in Education (M.Ed) for 1–2 years
- Ph.D in Education or gain work experience
Path 3:
- Clear 12th standard in any stream
- Graduation in any discipline – 3 years
- Post-Graduation in any discipline – 2 years
- Ph.D in the same discipline – 3–5 years
- Clear UGC or CSIR–UGC NET
- Most colleges have eligibility criteria of minimum 50% or 60% aggregate marks in Class 12th.
- For Post-Graduation program some colleges/universities conduct their own entrance test and/or interview for selection.
Entrance Exams:
- D.Ed (Diploma in Education) for Primary School Teacher
- CTET (Central Teacher Eligibility Test)
- STET (State Teacher Eligibility Test)
- NET (National Eligibility Test)
- SLET (State Level Eligibility Test)
- CSIR UGC NET (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
- DPED (Diploma in Physical Education)
- ECCED (Early Childhood Care and Education)
Law Stream
Overview
The law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships. Simply put, lawyers provide different kinds of legal services to individuals or organisations both in the private and public sector. They advise, guide and ensure that from a legal standpoint, laid out rules and regulations are followed. They take the necessary actions to resolve legal disputes. Lawyers can either choose to have a private practice or be a part of a legal team representing businesses, government agencies etc. They are required to carry out extensive research, review legal documents & evidence, prepare arguments to support their findings in court of law and also carry out certain administrative responsibilities based on their designation and role in a given organisation. Judiciary is one of the four pillars that upholds our democracy. It is upto professionals in this field to preserve, promote and protect the rights of citizens and ensure justice is served to all.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
- Judge: A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. He/she passes judgement based on the arguments made and evidence presented by the litigating parties.
- Real Estate Lawyer: They primarily handle the legal aspects of real estate transactions; upholding rules and regulation pertaining to this sector.
- Bankruptcy Lawyer: They assist clients through court proceedings to reduce or eliminate debt or to proceed forward with bankruptcy.
- Personal Injury Lawyer: A personal injury lawyer represents individuals who have sustained injuries in accidents to claim damages in the form of financial compensation.
- Medical Malpractice Lawyer: Medical malpractice lawyers litigate lawsuits based on malpractice and negligence on part of doctors and other healthcare professionals.
- Tax Lawyer: They deal with the assessment and payment of taxes and ensure that their clients follow tax laws in their dealings.
- Family Lawyer: A family lawyer deals with issues such as prenuptial agreement, divorce, child custody or any other legal issues that may arise in a family set up.
- Intellectual Property Lawyer: Known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer deals with issues relating to intellectual property such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial designs and trade secrets.
- Contract Lawyer: Contract lawyers oversee the preparation and implementation of contracts as well as resolve issues in case of a breach.
- International Law: They deal with international disputes pertaining to human rights, business policies, criminal offences etc.
- Employment Lawyer: An employment lawyer provides advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.
- Immigration Lawyer: Any issues arising during the process of immigration such as visas, citizenship, asylum, green cards etc are dealt by immigration lawyers.
- Criminal Defence Lawyer: A criminal defence lawyer is a lawyer specializing in the defence of individuals and companies charged with criminal activity.
- Corporate Lawyer: Corporate lawyers ensure that laws, policies, rules and regulations that govern the formation and operation of businesses and organisations are followed.
- Civil Rights Attorney: They uphold and preserve civil rights of citizens. These include issues related to discrimination and harassment on grounds of physical or mental disability, gender, religion, race, national origin, age, sexual orientation or gender identity.
- Government Lawyer: Government lawyers are employed by the government to provide legal advice to government employees and agencies on a variety of issues.
- Paralegal: Paralegals assist attorneys by preparing for trials and meetings by investigating facts of a case, interviewing clients and witnesses, conducting legal research, drafting – deposition notices, subpoenas, motions briefs etc.
- Internet Lawyer: Upholding the cyber laws such as laws related to creation of websites, governing internet service providers, trademarks, domain conflicts etc is the prime responsibility of internet lawyers.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached to this field are :
- Provide legal expertise to clients depending on one’s area of specialisation.
- Conduct research to build arguments to promote your clients interests.
- Prepare and file legal documents such as appeals, lawsuits, contracts, wills and deeds.
- Explain legal procedures and documents to clients.
- Defend a client in court of law.
- Interpret rulings, laws and regulations for individuals and businesses involved.
- Negotiate settlements pertaining to civil disputes.
- Perform administrative and management duties associated with one’s designation.
- Supervise legal assistants when working within a team setup.
- Help develop central and state programs, draft and interpret laws and legislation and establish enforcement procedures.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Strong theoretical base with knowledge of different kinds of laws.
- Ability to carry out extensive research to support one’s argument.
- Have good analytical skills as well as the ability to think critically.
- Ability to construct reasonable and logical conclusions.
- Good communications skills to be able to convey information clearly and efficiently.
- Ability to make sound judgements based on the information provided.
How to get there
Entrance Exams:
- CLAT – Common law admission test
- AILET – All India law entrance test
- LSAT – Law school admission test
Arts & Linguistic
Sign Language Interpreter
Overview
Sign language interpreters are individuals who help people with hearing impairments understand the spoken word by converting it into sign language. They can choose to work on a one-on-one basic or in a group setting. They can also employ various technological tools such as skype, to provide their services from distant locations. Sign language interpreters need to be active listeners and have a good command over sign language in order to communicate with people rapidly and accurately. Job satisfaction is high as professionals play a very important role in assisting clients to interact with other people and stay connected with the world outside. They help bridge the communication gap that exists because of an individual’s hearing impairment. More than a job, it can be looked upon as a social service that professionals provide.
Job Prospects
Some of the prospective jobs under this field are :
People with hearing disability are as much part of our society and its different institutions as others. Hence, sign language interpreters find themselves working in a variety of settings. Some of those are as follows:
- Academic Institutes: Professionals work in classrooms in schools or universities in order to help students understand what is being taught by the teachers. They also convey to the teachers any doubts or questions that a student may have and revert back the answer in sign language.
- Video relay services (VRS): Also known as video interpreting services(VIS), these allow people with hearing disabilities to communicate with voice telephone users through video equipment rather than typed texts and gain assistance in making crucial telephonic calls such as for a doctor’s appointment, clarifying bank queries or contacting emergency services etc.
- Media: News channels, television shows of different nature require their services in order to reach out to the deaf community and integrate them in the society they live in.
Apart from the above mentioned settings; hospitals, government offices, court rooms, airports and other private & public institutes ideally need to be equip to handle the needs of people with hearing disabilities.
Roles & Responsibilities
Certain duties attached to this field are :
- Provide legal expertise to clients depending on one’s area of specialisation.
- Conduct research to build arguments to promote your clients interests.
- Prepare and file legal documents such as appeals, lawsuits, contracts, wills and deeds.
- Explain legal procedures and documents to clients.
- Defend a client in court of law.
- Interpret rulings, laws and regulations for individuals and businesses involved.
- Negotiate settlements pertaining to civil disputes.
- Perform administrative and management duties associated with one’s designation.
- Supervise legal assistants when working within a team setup.
- Help develop central and state programs, draft and interpret laws and legislation and establish enforcement procedures.
Desired Attributes
Given below are desired qualities for professionals in this field :
- Strong theoretical base with knowledge of different kinds of laws.
- Ability to carry out extensive research to support one’s argument.
- Have good analytical skills as well as the ability to think critically.
- Ability to construct reasonable and logical conclusions.
- Good communications skills to be able to convey information clearly and efficiently.
- Ability to make sound judgements based on the information provided.
How to get there
Entrance Exams:
- CLAT – Common law admission test
- AILET – All India law entrance test
- LSAT – Law school admission test